Question 1

Compared to the normal plasma osmolarity, the tubular fluid is ________ as it enters Bowman's space, ________ at the beginning of the loop of Henle, ________ at the tip of the loop, and ________ at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule.

Accepted Answer

A)   isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
B)   isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic
C)   isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
D)   isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic
E)   isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmoticF) C) and D)
G) A) and C)

Question 2

Which of the following statements regarding renal handling of Na+ is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)   In the proximal tubule, Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of the tubular epithelial cells.
B)   Atrial natriuretic factor increases Na+ reabsorption.
C)   In the absence of aldosterone, Na+ will be secreted by the cortical collecting ducts.
D)   Na+ is actively reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
E)   Without vasopressin, the collecting duct is impermeable to Na+.F) C) and D)
G) B) and E)

Question 3

A compensation for an episode of severe vomiting is an increased alveolar ventilation rate.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Which of the following organs is the main site of aldosterone secretion?

Accepted Answer

A)   kidneys
B)   adrenal glands
C)   systemic and pulmonary blood vessels
D)   liver
E)   the atria of the heartF) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

Question 5

Which would NOT be caused by a decrease in plasma Ca2+ levels in an otherwise normal person?

Accepted Answer

A)   an increase in plasma parathyroid hormone levels
B)   an increase in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels
C)   an increase in nerve and muscle excitability
D)   a decrease in the filtered load of Ca2+
E)   an increase in bone densityF) B) and C)
G) B) and D)

Question 6

Increasing the GFR tends to increase the excretion rate of sodium.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

A stimulus for increased aldosterone secretion is increased plasma levels of K+.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Which of the following describes tubular reabsorption in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

A)   the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid
B)   the movement of substances from the proximal tubule into the loop of Henle
C)   transepithelial transport from the lumen of the tubule into renal interstitial fluid
D)   movement of Na+, Cl-, and water from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule
E)   transport of solutes from the renal medullary interstitium into the collecting ductF) B) and C)
G) C) and D)

Question 9

How does the renal countercurrent multiplier mechanism allow the creation of a concentrated urine?

Accepted Answer

A)   It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitium into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
B)   It transports urea from the medullary interstitium into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
C)   By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitium, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.
D)   By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.
E)   When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitium and water follows, concentrating the urine.F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

Question 10

Most of the body's water is located inside cells, whereas most of the body's Na+ is in the interstitial fluid and plasma.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Following hemorrhage, vasopressin secretion increases because of increased firing of hypothalamic osmoreceptors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Which of these directly results from hypoventilation?

Accepted Answer

A)   metabolic acidosis
B)   respiratory acidosis
C)   metabolic alkalosis
D)   respiratory alkalosisE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

In the condition diabetes mellitus, why does glucose appear in the urine?

Accepted Answer

A)   The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.
B)   The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
C)   Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.
D)   The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.
E)   Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.F) B) and D)
G) A) and E)

Question 14

Which of the following statements regarding Ca2+ homeostasis is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)   Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys.
B)   Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ absorption from the GI tract.
C)   In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma Ca2+ levels would be abnormally low, resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes.
D)   When plasma Ca2+ increases above normal, the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases.
E)   Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca2+.F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

Question 15

Which of these is deficient in the disease, diabetes insipidus?

Accepted Answer

A)   ACTH
B)   vasopressin
C)   atrial natriuretic factor
D)   angiotensin II
E)   insulinF) C) and D)
G) B) and D)

Question 16

The fluid entering the distal convoluted tubule is hypoosmotic with respect to plasma.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The three basic processes of kidney function are filtration from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule, secretion from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries, and reabsorption from the capillaries into the tubular lumen.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Most of the H+ excreted in the urine is bound to bicarbonate ion.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

In the proximal convoluted tubule the reabsorption of Na+ is unaffected by the presence or absence of other substances such as glucose or H+ in the filtrate.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Which of the following substances undergo renal tubular secretion?

Accepted Answer

A)   Ca2+
B)   Na+
C)   K+
D)   H20E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Exam 14: The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

In the condition diabetes mellitus, why does glucose appear in the urine?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements regarding Ca2+ homeostasis is TRUE?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The fluid entering the distal convoluted tubule is hypoosmotic with respect to plasma.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most of the H+ excreted in the urine is bound to bicarbonate ion.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A stimulus for increased aldosterone secretion is increased plasma levels of K+.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of these directly results from hypoventilation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A compensation for an episode of severe vomiting is an increased alveolar ventilation rate.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which would NOT be caused by a decrease in plasma Ca2+ levels in an otherwise normal person?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the proximal convoluted tubule the reabsorption of Na+ is unaffected by the presence or absence of other substances such as glucose or H+ in the filtrate.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most of the body's water is located inside cells, whereas most of the body's Na+ is in the interstitial fluid and plasma.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Following hemorrhage, vasopressin secretion increases because of increased firing of hypothalamic osmoreceptors.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements regarding renal handling of Na+ is correct?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of these is deficient in the disease, diabetes insipidus?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following organs is the main site of aldosterone secretion?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How does the renal countercurrent multiplier mechanism allow the creation of a concentrated urine?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following describes tubular reabsorption in the kidney?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following substances undergo renal tubular secretion?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Increasing the GFR tends to increase the excretion rate of sodium.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compared to the normal plasma osmolarity, the tubular fluid is ________ as it enters Bowman's space, ________ at the beginning of the loop of Henle, ________ at the tip of the loop, and ________ at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The three basic processes of kidney function are filtration from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule, secretion from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries, and reabsorption from the capillaries into the tubular lumen.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following statements regarding Ca²⁺ homeostasis is TRUE?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Most of the H⁺ excreted in the urine is bound to bicarbonate ion.

Correct Answer
verified

A stimulus for increased aldosterone secretion is increased plasma levels of K⁺.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Which would NOT be caused by a decrease in plasma Ca²⁺ levels in an otherwise normal person?

Correct Answer
verified

In the proximal convoluted tubule the reabsorption of Na⁺ is unaffected by the presence or absence of other substances such as glucose or H⁺ in the filtrate.

Correct Answer
verified

Most of the body's water is located inside cells, whereas most of the body's Na⁺ is in the interstitial fluid and plasma.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following statements regarding renal handling of Na⁺ is correct?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Compared to the normal plasma osmolarity, the tubular fluid is as it enters Bowman's space, at the beginning of the loop of Henle, at the tip of the loop, and at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified