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In the example of the Ozark Mountain collard lizard, what would the glades be considered?


A) high-quality patches
B) low-quality patches
C) high-quality matrix
D) low-quality matrix

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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The orange-breasted sunbird (Anthobaphes violacea) lives only in the fynbos region in the Western Cape of South Africa. This is an example of a(n)


A) extinct species.
B) endemic species.
C) cosmopolitan species.
D) localized species.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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When individuals have perfect knowledge of habitat variation and distribute themselves in a way that allows all of them to have the same per capita benefit, they display a(n) _____ free distribution.


A) optimum
B) ideal
C) perfect
D) best

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Which dispersion should be favored among plants that compete intraspecifically by casting shade?


A) clumped
B) evenly spaced
C) random
D) clustered

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) is an insect from eastern Asia that has invaded North America. The larvae of the emerald ash borer consume the cambium and phloem under the bark of American ash trees and eventually kill the trees. How can biologists predict the spread of this invasive pest? What might explain why the emerald ash borer is more of a problem in North America than in its native range?

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Researchers used an experimental design in which they cleared large patches of pine forest in five areas. The central cleared area served as the source of dispersers. The four remaining cleared patches were (1) a rectangular unconnected patch, (2) a rectangular patch connected to the central patch by a cleared path that served as a corridor, and (3) two rectangular patches with wings (patches with corridors that did not connect to other patches). The researchers were interested in the importance of habitat corridors to the movement of seeds, pollen, and butterflies between central and peripheral habitat patches. What was the purpose of the unconnected winged patches? Researchers used an experimental design in which they cleared large patches of pine forest in five areas. The central cleared area served as the source of dispersers. The four remaining cleared patches were (1) a rectangular unconnected patch, (2) a rectangular patch connected to the central patch by a cleared path that served as a corridor, and (3) two rectangular patches with wings (patches with corridors that did not connect to other patches). The researchers were interested in the importance of habitat corridors to the movement of seeds, pollen, and butterflies between central and peripheral habitat patches. What was the purpose of the unconnected winged patches?

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How do dispersal and migration differ?


A) Dispersal is seasonal, and migration is usually permanent.
B) Dispersal is usually permanent, and migration is seasonal.
C) Dispersal is back-and forth-movement between two areas, and migration is unidirectional.
D) Migration is movement to colonize a new habitat, and dispersal is seasonal movement.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

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The number of individuals _____ best defines abundance.


A) per unit area or volume
B) in a defined area
C) in a geographic range
D) in a species

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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Which model specifically addresses the situation in which subpopulations in poor-quality habitats are maintained by immigration of individuals from other subpopulations that produce surplus individuals?


A) the basic metapopulation model
B) the source-sink metapopulation model
C) the landscape metapopulation model
D) the habitat metapopulation model

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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Which of the following does NOT explain why an ideal free distribution might not be achieved in nature?


A) Individuals may not be aware that other habitats exist.
B) An individual's fitness is not solely determined by maximizing its resources.
C) Presence of predators or territoriality may preclude free movement between habitats.
D) Individuals may not be able to differentiate between high- and low-quality habitat.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

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For a mark-recapture survey, the ratio of the number of marked individuals to the total population is equal to the ratio of the


A) number of marked individuals recaptured to the total number of individuals in the second capture.
B) total number of individuals in the second capture to the number of marked individuals recaptured.
C) total number of individuals in the first capture to the number of marked individuals recaptured.
D) number of individuals in the second capture to the number of individuals marked in the first capture.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Populations whose individuals _____ favor clustered dispersion.


A) live in social groups
B) directly interact with each other
C) aggressively defend resources
D) do not interact with each other

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Scientists commonly use _____ dispersal distance to quantify an organism's dispersal.


A) average
B) maximum
C) lifetime
D) median

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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In the experiment in which stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were presented with high- and low-quality habitats, why would fish disperse from the high-food side of the aquarium to the low-food side?


A) The low-food side increased in quality.
B) The high-food side decreased in quality.
C) The low-food side per capita benefit equaled that of the high-food side.
D) The low-food side per capita benefit was less than the high-food side.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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If one were looking at the characteristic related to how an individual in a population interacts with others of its species in a given area, one would likely be looking at what?


A) abundance
B) density
C) geographic range
D) dispersion

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Measuring the lifetime dispersal distance of a species helps scientists to estimate how rapidly a growing population can increase its


A) geographic range.
B) fundamental range.
C) realized niche.
D) fundamental niche.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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A species of tree is found from the Canadian border down to the southeast United States. This is called the species'


A) fundamental niche.
B) realized niche.
C) geographic niche.
D) geographic range.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Ants should live in _____ populations, and rhinoceroses should live in _____ populations.


A) high-density; high-density
B) low-density; low-density
C) high-density; low-density
D) low-density; high-density

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is a tree species that is found throughout the northeastern United States in higher-elevation sites without sandy soils. What can you conclude about the distribution of sugar maples in terms of their geographic range and realized niche?

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A researcher who counts the number of individuals of a tree species between two fixed points is making a(n) _____ survey.


A) area-based
B) volume-based
C) line-transect
D) mark-recapture

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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