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It is not "natural" in most social situations for someone to be present who will record his or her observations for research and publication purposes,and so individuals may alter their behavior.This phenomenon is referred to as ______.


A) reactive effects
B) hermeneutic circle
C) saturation point
D) constructivism

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Which professionals were the first to adopt focus groups as a widespread methodology?


A) literary critics
B) marketing researchers
C) anthropologists
D) economists

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Explain how a researcher determines the composition of a focus group.

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Homogeneous groups,heterogeneo...

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Covert observers and participants cannot take notes openly.

A) True
B) False

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In participant observation,a researcher can serve as which type of participant?


A) covert observer
B) covert participant
C) overt observer
D) all of these

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Overall,what are the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research when compared to experimental or survey research?

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Observations of natural behavi...

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Discuss the role of a key informant in field research and compare it to the role of an interviewee in intensive interviewing.Are there any differences? If so,what? What ethical concerns must a researcher consider with key informants and interviewees?

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Key informant,group's culture,...

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A gatekeeper grants a researcher access to a social setting.

A) True
B) False

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A key informant grants a researcher access to a social setting.

A) True
B) False

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With the expanse of technology,researchers are now able to study online communities and phenomena specific to the Internet.What term aptly describes this approach?


A) ethnography
B) case study
C) netnography
D) photo voice

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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How is field research different from laboratory research? What are the strengths of field research compared to laboratory research,and what are its relative weaknesses?

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Field,natural social process,o...

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A member of a social setting who can provide access to that setting for a researcher is known as a ______.


A) sponsor
B) assistant
C) gatekeeper
D) key holder

E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

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The setting under investigation in a qualitative study is known as the ______.


A) context
B) field
C) locale
D) situation

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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To what extent do the personal dimensions of participant observation undermine or enhance its validity? Illustrate your answer with examples from the text.

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Personal relationshi...

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In qualitative research,the interpretation of data and its analysis emerge at what point in the research process?


A) before entering the field
B) while writing accounts of the data
C) during initial stages of fieldwork
D) while writing jottings

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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A researcher who "goes native" does which of the following.


A) abandons research goals
B) adopts perspectives of regular participants
C) ceases to evaluate observations critically
D) all of these

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Which role makes it difficult for researchers to get information because they cannot ask questions that will arouse suspicion about themselves?


A) complete observer
B) participant observer
C) covert participant
D) intensive interview

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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Write a brief plan for conducting a series of focus groups designed to find out what kind of work students do while they're completing their college degree.What are the primary validity problems associated with this method of gathering data? How would you increase the validity of focus group research?

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Focus groups,selection of part...

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