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Exam 42: Gas Exchange and Circulation

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Question 21

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Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulation network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario?

A) Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries.
B) Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls.
C) The total cross- sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure.
D) All of the above answers apply.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

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Question 22

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Which of the following result, either directly or indirectly, when carbonic anhydrase is functioning properly?

A) The amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin decreases.
B) The amount of carbon dioxide diffusing into red blood cells increases.
C) The pH of capillary blood decreases.
D) Only A and B are true.
E) Only B and C are true.

F) A) and B)
G) D) and E)

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Question 23

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A mutation results in a form of hemoglobin with binding sites for four molecules of oxygen but does not exhibit cooperative binding. Which of the following would result?

Birds generate a lot of heat, especially during flight. Yet the adipose tissue under their skin and the feathers atop their skin make it difficult to eliminate excess heat across the skin. Which of the following can absorb body heat and eliminate it from the bird most effectively?

When you are jogging, your muscles are using more oxygen and releasing more carbon dioxide into the blood than when you are at home on the couch. Which of the following would occur during your jog?

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions) . Lymph hearts are pumping structures that drive lymph through the lymphatic system, returning it to the circulatory system a large veins entering the heart. Researchers examined rate and strength of pumping of lymph hearts in two species of amphibi toad Bufo marinus) and a frog Rana catesbiana) . During hemorrhage or dehydration, the volume of blood in the circulatory system falls. A hormone, arginine vasotocin AVT) , is released in these situations. The researchers examined the effect of AVT on lymph heart function. They found that AVT increased pressure at the lymph heart, but did not affect the rate of lymph heart pumping. They also examined the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide ANP) , a hormone that is released when blood volume is higher than normal. E. A. DeGrauw and S. S. Hillman. 2004. General function and endocrine control of the posterior lymph hearts in Bufo marinus and Rana catesbiana. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 774) :594- 600.) -What effect would increasing lymph heart pressure have?

You prop open the gill covers of a fish, tie a string around its tail, and tow it backward through the water. This action forces water to flow in the back of the gill covers, from back to front over the gills, and out through the fish's mouth. What effect would this backward movement have on gas exchange?

In midsummer, you are fishing at a lake. You catch the most fish at the inlet of a stream into the lake, where logs and branches are creating turbulent flow and mixing deep water with the shallow water near the surface of the lake. What is the probable reason the fish are congregating in this area?

A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why?

Why is it more difficult to obtain enough oxygen via respiration from water than from air?

Figure 42.1 -On the ECG above, within which waveform would atrial relaxation occur?

Which of the following conditions would be the most likely result of an abnormally high blood pressure in an animal, like a reptile, possessing a closed circulatory system?

Figure 42.1 -On the ECG above, which waveform represents ventricular relaxation?

You are a physician, and see a patient who complains of abnormal fatigue during exercise. You find that the immediate problem is a buildup of carbon dioxide in the tissues. What is the most likely cause?

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates?

Figure 42.1 -On the ECG above, which waveform represents ventricular electrical activity?

Which of the following statements supports the hypothesis that the bidirectional gas flow occurring in humans air goes in and out through the same passages) is less efficient than the unidirectional flow in fish?

Complete the statement correctly. Fetal hemoglobin

The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing which of the following?

Which of the following is a function of the insect tracheal system?