Question 1

In contemporary psychology,a script can best be described as:

Accepted Answer

A)  A prescribed way of talking oneself through a difficult situation.
B)  Knowledge about the typical sequence of events in an activity.
C)  The things (e.g.,"small talk") that someone typically says when initiating a conversation with someone else.
D)  The approach a teacher tells students to use in order to remember classroom material.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 2

Sarah needs to know her division facts for a quiz tomorrow. She wants to do as well as she possibly can on the quiz. Taking what psychologists have learned about automaticity into account,which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Repeat each fact at least five times silently."
B)  "Repeat each fact at least five times out loud."
C)  "Study the facts until you know each one and then do something entirely different until morning."
D)  "Study the facts until you know them all perfectly,and then continue to practice them periodically after that."E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 3

Mr. Martinez wants his first-grade students to be able to identify 200 reading words quickly and automatically. Which one of the following techniques will best help his students achieve that goal?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tell them how important it is for them to know the words.
B)  Explain how the letters of the words are related to their pronunciations.
C)  Explain how some of the letters in the words are "silent letters."
D)  Give them lots of practice reading the words.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 4

Mr. Loosigian is worried about Jerri,a girl who is struggling in his seventh-grade class. He thinks about several different reasons why she might be having so much difficulty with her schoolwork. Which one of the reasons he considers is consistent with a behaviorist perspective of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Maybe she isn't paying attention as much as she should be."
B)  "Maybe I don't praise her enough when she does something well."
C)  "Maybe she has trouble understanding the things she reads."
D)  "Maybe she has trouble remembering things from one day to the next."E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 5

To prepare for his test on Tuesday morning,Harry studied on Monday night. He remembered the information long enough to do well on the test on Tuesday but could not remember it for a surprise quiz a week later. Based on this information,how far in Harry's memory system did the information get?

Accepted Answer

A)  It reached the sensory register.
B)  It reached working memory.
C)  It reached long-term memory.
D)  It never got into the memory system at all.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 6

Each of the teachers below has students with misconceptions about the material they are studying. Three of the teachers are using strategies that should help their students correct these misconceptions. Which teacher is not using an effective strategy for changing misconceptions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ms. Andersen gives corrective feedback when students make statements that reflect misconceptions.
B)  Mr. Bissette presents a situation that students cannot adequately explain using their current beliefs about the topic.
C)  Ms. Caro reminds her students that she will be testing them on the material they are studying.
D)  Mr. Darren shows students how the true explanation of something is different from,and more plausible than,their existing beliefs.E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 7

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of individual constructivism?

Accepted Answer

A)  A students receives a sticker from his music teacher when he is able to play the F major scale on his saxophone without any mistakes.
B)  Four students in a study group divide the day's reading assignment into four sections. Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members.
C)  A student tries to make sense of a poorly written and confusing magazine article.
D)  A student watches his physical education teacher as the teacher shows his class the arm motion for throwing a football.E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 8

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Two students discuss possible interpretations of the proverb,"We only know the worth of water when the well is dry."
B)  A teacher assigns a laboratory activity using cumbersome equipment that students can only use successfully by working in pairs.
C)  When a student borrows a classmate's marker without asking and then forgets to put the cap back on,leaving it dried out and useless by the following morning,her teacher reminds her of one of the class rules: "Respect other students' property."
D)  Four students in a study group divide the day's reading assignment into four sections. Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 9

Which one of the following statements is consistent with the textbook's recommendations for promoting retrieval?

Accepted Answer

A)  Teach students how to create and use their own retrieval cues.
B)  Show students how to use the keyword method to help them remember lists of 10 items or more.
C)  Spend approximately two-thirds of each class day reviewing things that students already know.
D)  At the secondary school level,always use essay tests rather than multiple-choice tests.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 10

Wendy sees a picture of a beach and then later tries to draw the picture from memory. She draws shells on the beach even though the beach in the picture had no shells. Using psychologists' concept of schema,how could we explain Wendy's error?

Accepted Answer

A)  Wendy has a schema for shells but does not have one for beaches.
B)  Wendy has a schema for beaches but does not have one for shells.
C)  Wendy's schemas of beaches and shells are interfering with each other.
D)  Wendy's schema of a typical beach includes shells.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 11

When you are studying for a test,you may often try to identify interrelationships among the new pieces of information you are learning. Psychologists call this process:

Accepted Answer

A)  Facilitative interference.
B)  Organization.
C)  Rehearsal.
D)  Automaticity.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 12

Reynelda has trouble tracing a complex shape with a pencil when she is in kindergarten,but she can do it quite well by the time she is in second grade. Is this an instance of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes,because her behavior has changed
B)  No,because the circumstances are too dissimilar
C)  Maybe,although the change may be due to physiological maturation rather than experience
D)  Maybe,but only if she is being reinforced for tracing accuratelyE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 13

Which one of the following statements best describes the idea that learning involves a process of construction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Students must learn certain things very well before they can begin to understand other things.
B)  Students must learn ideas in a concrete form before learning them as abstractions.
C)  Students combine pieces of information about a topic to create their own understandings.
D)  Students develop increasingly complex and sophisticated thought processes as they grow older.E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 14

Travis realizes that the year World War II ended-1945-is the same year his grandfather was born. Which one of the following processes is Travis most clearly demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

A)  Use of a mnemonic
B)  Meaningful learning
C)  Rehearsal
D)  Distributed practiceE) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Exam 2: Learning, cognition, and Memory

Travis realizes that the year World War II ended-1945-is the same year his grandfather was born. Which one of the following processes is Travis most clearly demonstrating?

Correct Answer
verified

Each of the teachers below has students with misconceptions about the material they are studying. Three of the teachers are using strategies that should help their students correct these misconceptions. Which teacher is not using an effective strategy for changing misconceptions?

Correct Answer
verified

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of individual constructivism?

Correct Answer
verified

When you are studying for a test,you may often try to identify interrelationships among the new pieces of information you are learning. Psychologists call this process:

Correct Answer
verified

Wendy sees a picture of a beach and then later tries to draw the picture from memory. She draws shells on the beach even though the beach in the picture had no shells. Using psychologists' concept of schema,how could we explain Wendy's error?

Correct Answer
verified

Which one of the following statements is consistent with the textbook's recommendations for promoting retrieval?

Correct Answer
verified

Sarah needs to know her division facts for a quiz tomorrow. She wants to do as well as she possibly can on the quiz. Taking what psychologists have learned about automaticity into account,which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah?

Correct Answer
verified

Which one of the following statements best describes the idea that learning involves a process of construction?

Correct Answer
verified

Mr. Martinez wants his first-grade students to be able to identify 200 reading words quickly and automatically. Which one of the following techniques will best help his students achieve that goal?

Correct Answer
verified

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism?

Correct Answer
verified

Mr. Loosigian is worried about Jerri,a girl who is struggling in his seventh-grade class. He thinks about several different reasons why she might be having so much difficulty with her schoolwork. Which one of the reasons he considers is consistent with a behaviorist perspective of learning?

Correct Answer
verified

Reynelda has trouble tracing a complex shape with a pencil when she is in kindergarten,but she can do it quite well by the time she is in second grade. Is this an instance of learning?

Correct Answer
verified

To prepare for his test on Tuesday morning,Harry studied on Monday night. He remembered the information long enough to do well on the test on Tuesday but could not remember it for a surprise quiz a week later. Based on this information,how far in Harry's memory system did the information get?

Correct Answer
verified

In contemporary psychology,a script can best be described as:

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 2: Learning, cognition, and Memory

Travis realizes that the year World War II ended-1945-is the same year his grandfather was born. Which one of the following processes is Travis most clearly demonstrating?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Each of the teachers below has students with misconceptions about the material they are studying. Three of the teachers are using strategies that should help their students correct these misconceptions. Which teacher is not using an effective strategy for changing misconceptions?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of individual constructivism?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When you are studying for a test,you may often try to identify interrelationships among the new pieces of information you are learning. Psychologists call this process:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Wendy sees a picture of a beach and then later tries to draw the picture from memory. She draws shells on the beach even though the beach in the picture had no shells. Using psychologists' concept of schema,how could we explain Wendy's error?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which one of the following statements is consistent with the textbook's recommendations for promoting retrieval?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sarah needs to know her division facts for a quiz tomorrow. She wants to do as well as she possibly can on the quiz. Taking what psychologists have learned about automaticity into account,which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which one of the following statements best describes the idea that learning involves a process of construction?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Mr. Martinez wants his first-grade students to be able to identify 200 reading words quickly and automatically. Which one of the following techniques will best help his students achieve that goal?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Mr. Loosigian is worried about Jerri,a girl who is struggling in his seventh-grade class. He thinks about several different reasons why she might be having so much difficulty with her schoolwork. Which one of the reasons he considers is consistent with a behaviorist perspective of learning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Reynelda has trouble tracing a complex shape with a pencil when she is in kindergarten,but she can do it quite well by the time she is in second grade. Is this an instance of learning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To prepare for his test on Tuesday morning,Harry studied on Monday night. He remembered the information long enough to do well on the test on Tuesday but could not remember it for a surprise quiz a week later. Based on this information,how far in Harry's memory system did the information get?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In contemporary psychology,a script can best be described as:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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