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St. Hildegard believed that mystical experience was a source of knowledge as certain as reason.

A) True
B) False

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Unlike the utilitarians, who based morality on consequences, Kant held that morality is categorical and thus must be based solely on reason.

A) True
B) False

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St. Augustine believed that the existence of the Devil is the best explanation of why there is evil in a world created by a totally good God.

A) True
B) False

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According to Plato, Form goodness is apprehended by:


A) the senses.
B) reason.
C) emotions.
D) mystical vision.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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Thomas Hobbes thought that one has the natural right to use all means necessary to defend oneself or otherwise ensure one's survival.

A) True
B) False

Correct Answer

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According to the Stoics, _____ is the vital force that activates or energizes all things.


A) natural law
B) divine law
C) God
D) morality

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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For Nietzsche, who or what is the source of ethical truth?


A) God
B) the Superman
C) the ruler of a state
D) slaves

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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B

Aristotle thought that the key to happiness is having a soul that is well ordered.

A) True
B) False

Correct Answer

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According to Plato, when the intellect itself is governed by reason, we exhibit:


A) temperance.
B) courage.
C) wisdom.
D) All of these answers are correct.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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Which of the following pieces of advice is more likely to come from a Stoic?


A) Have as much fun as possible.
B) Become self-reliant and accept your fate in life with serenity and calm indifference.
C) The best life is the cautious pursuit of simple pleasures.
D) Live in a barrel in the streets.

E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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Plato held that the ultimate source of reality and goodness lies beyond the physical, natural world.

A) True
B) False

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Socrates believed that non-virtuous conduct is usually the result of willing evil.

A) True
B) False

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David Hume believed that moral judgments are based on reasoning from the observed facts of a situation.

A) True
B) False

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The Epicureans and the Stoics agreed that the good life is the pleasant life.

A) True
B) False

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True

According to Aristotle, human happiness consists of:


A) pleasure.
B) danger.
C) pain.
D) devotion.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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According to John Stuart Mill, why should we seek to raise the general happiness rather than just our own?


A) Our own happiness coincides with the general happiness.
B) God commands us to further the general happiness.
C) No one can rationally will that everyone ignore the general happiness.
D) By its very nature, morality singles out no one for preferential treatment.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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According to Immanuel Kant, principles of morality can only be ascertained by:


A) reason.
B) God.
C) consequences.
D) nature.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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St. Thomas Aquinas held that there were two sets of virtues, one set directing us to happiness on earth and the other directing us to everlasting happiness.

A) True
B) False

Correct Answer

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True

According to Plato, _____ is the virtue that obtains when all elements of the soul function as they should in obedience to reason.


A) temperance
B) justice
C) wisdom
D) courage

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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According to St. Augustine, moral evil comes from _____.


A) misdirected love
B) misguided education
C) a force of darkness
D) the body and its urges

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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