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What is a hypothesis? How does it differ from a theory?

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Which of the following is an example of an intermediate map scale?


A) 1:3,168 000
B) 1:63 360
C) 1 cm = 0.25 km
D) 1:125 000
E) 1:5000

F) None of the above
G) D) and E)

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Theinductive method of reasoning used by Earth scientists to discern patterns in nature involves reasoning from


A) the complex to the simple.
B) the simple to the complex.
C) the specific to the general.
D) the general to the specific.
E) Earth scientists use th deductive method.

F) A) and E)
G) A) and C)

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If Earth warmed up,and more snow fell because of more water vapour in the atmosphere,and that snow then reduced Earth's temperature,which increased snow cover,then the initial increase in snow fall would be ________ feed back,while the continued increase in snow fall would be ________ feed back.


A) positive positive
B) positive negative
C) negative positive
D) negative negative

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Society's relationship to the environment is described by the geographic theme of location.

A) True
B) False

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The main methodology governing geographic inquiry


A) is behavioral analysis.
B) involves spatial analysis.
C) uses chronological organization.
D) is field work.
E) is reasoning systematics.

F) None of the above
G) B) and C)

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As we burn fossil fuels and release carbon dioxide,the temperature of our planet and the oceans will increase.When the oceans warm they will release more carbon dioxide,further warming the planet and oceans.If this occurs rapidly and causes a sudden rise in temperature,a(n) ________ has been crossed and that the planet has moved into a state of ________.


A) input level equilibrium
B) input level disequilibrium
C) threshold equilibrium
D) threshold disequilibrium

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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The key idea behind the scientific method is


A) the use of intuition in testing theories.
B) an appeal to supernatural explanations when natural explanations have not yet been found for a phenomenon.
C) the testing of ideas through controlled observations and experiments.
D) unbridled speculation about the world.
E) the systematic application of supposition.

F) B) and D)
G) None of the above

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Which of the following best describes the condition of steady-state equilibrium?


A) system inputs always exactly balance outputs so the system never changes.
B) system inputs and outputs fluctuate around a stable average so the system does not move far from its average condition.
C) system inputs produce large,random fluctuations in output,forcing the system into a new state of equilibrium.
D) systems slowly adjust to long-term changes in input and output.
E) system inputs and outputs do not change and the average remains the same over time.

F) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

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Observers in the southern hemisphere use the North Star (Polaris)to determine their latitude.

A) True
B) False

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Which of the following is correctly matched?


A) equilibrium imbalance of inputs and outputs
B) steady state equilibrium large fluctuations about an average condition
C) dynamic equilibrium small fluctuations about an average condition that changes gradually over time
D) dynamic equilibrium large fluctuations that lead to a new normal.
E) steady state equilibrium no change over time.

F) B) and E)
G) D) and E)

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If we burn fossil fuels,which release carbon dioxide and warm the atmosphere,as the oceans warm they will release more carbon dioxide,which warms the atmosphere.This is an example of ________ feedback.If the increased atmospheric carbon dioxide causes increased plant growth which removes carbon dioxide and cools the atmosphere,this is an example of ________ feedback.


A) positive positive
B) positive negative
C) negative negative
D) negative positive

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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On which one of the following projections do great circle routes appear as straight lines?


A) Mercator projection
B) Goode's homolosine projection
C) any conic projection
D) a gnomonic projection

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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The letters A.M.stand for


A) after midnight.
B) after morning.
C) ante majolica.
D) ante meridiem.
E) after meridian.

F) C) and D)
G) A) and C)

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Satellite images are based on


A) standard photographic film which is recovered after the satellite is returned to Earth.
B) digital data that is stored electronically and then transmitted to Earth by radio waves.
C) holographic images created using laser-generated interference patterns.
D) sound waves that area bounced off surfaces and return to satellites.
E) reflected light.

F) B) and D)
G) None of the above

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The science of physical geography is based on the realization that


A) nature is homogenous and spatially undifferentiated.
B) the knowledge of spatial distributions is of little value in understanding nature.
C) nature can best be described and understood as a set of interrelated components through which matter and energy flow.
D) humans have no significant impact on the physical phenomena that occur in nature.
E) past processes have no impact on present landscapes.

F) B) and D)
G) D) and E)

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If City A is located west of City B,the time at City A is ________ than that at City B because Earth rotates from ________ when viewed from above the North Pole.


A) earlier west to east(i.e.,counterclockwise)
B) earlier east to west (i.e.,clockwise)
C) later west to east (i.e.,counterclockwise)
D) later east to west (i.e.,clockwise)

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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List the 6 tasks the International Boundary Commission is charged with.

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Inspecting the border repairing and rebu...

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When Daylight Saving Time is in effect,clocks "spring forward" one hour in the Spring (Example: 1:00 A.M.becomes 2:00 A.M. )and "fall back" one hour in the Fall (Example: 2:00 A.M.becomes 1:00 A.M. ).

A) True
B) False

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Geography is described as


A) an Earth science.
B) a human science.
C) a physical science.
D) a spatial science.
E) a hard science.

F) B) and C)
G) A) and E)

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