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One of the main problems with the new prisons in the United States in the mid-1800s was that, in addition to being expensive and impractical, the extreme isolation often caused prisoners to become:


A) insane.
B) talkative.
C) violent.
D) mute.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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Sentencing decisions are based on the crime and also take into consideration the attributions of the criminal. One question that is sometimes asked during sentencing hearings is whether the personality of the criminal has an influence on his or her criminal behavior. According to the text, what is being assessed is referred to as:


A) internal causes.
B) external causes.
C) controllability.
D) achievability.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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During the 1820s, prisons in Pennsylvania and New York were designed to be rehabilitative in nature. Rehabilitation was supposed to be achieved by _____ and _____.


A) reading the Bible; doing groups exercises to music
B) maintaining strict routines; spending most of the time alone and silent
C) encouraging family visits; interactions with other inmates
D) prisoners talking to each other; leading group prayers

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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James was charged with committing a robbery with a group of his peers. He had never committed any crimes and was caught up in a situation that he could not see any way out of. The attributions that would represent the above scenario include_____ and _____.


A) internal causes; controllability
B) internal causes; stability
C) external causes; stability
D) external causes; uncontrollability

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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In the mid-1800s, U.S. prisons were holding a large number of recent immigrants. Among them, there was a disproportionate number of _____ immigrants. One reason that these inmates did not have much sympathy from the general population was the common bigotry, or a belief that these immigrants were _____.


A) South American; provided with superior living conditions
B) South American; morally and intellectually inferior
C) Irish; provided with superior living conditions
D) Irish; morally and intellectually inferior

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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Several major studies have determined that about 14% of the prison population suffer from a serious mental illness. Whether a prisoner receives treatment for a mental disorder is at the discretion of:


A) prison doctors.
B) the sentencing judge.
C) the jury.
D) prison wardens.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Sentencing guidelines are supposed to assist judges in making _____ sentencing decisions. Examples of factors that affect sentencing according to the guidelines noted in the text include _____.


A) consistent; prior criminal record and the severity of the current crime
B) consistent; the severity of the current crime and the offender's personal characteristics
C) lenient; prior criminal record and the severity of the current crime
D) difficult; the severity of the current crime and the offender's personal characteristics

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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Early in the history of America, crimes ran the gamut in terms of transgressions. In addition to the more serious crimes of assault, rape, and murder, certain moral transgressions used to be punishable by law. The criminalized moral transgressions included all of the following, EXCEPT:


A) witchcraft.
B) laziness.
C) adultery.
D) blasphemy.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Which of the four goals of imprisonment did the creators of early prisons in Pennsylvania and New York aspire to fulfill the most?


A) Incapacitation.
B) Deterrence.
C) Retribution.
D) Rehabilitation.

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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There are stark racial disparities in incarceration. Young _____ have the highest incarceration rate of any racial/gender group. Overall, _____ represent only about 8% of the adult prison population in the United States.


A) white females; women
B) black females; men
C) white males; men
D) black males; women

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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For drug and property crimes, gender seems to play a role in sentencing. Females are _____ likely to be sentenced to prison terms. If they do receive a prison sentence, it is _____ than what males received for similar crimes.


A) more; longer
B) more; shorter
C) less; longer
D) less; shorter

E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

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The prison population is highly racially disproportionate to the general population. _____ males have a 29% chance of serving at least 1 year in prison or jail during their lifetime, whereas the same chance for white males is about 5%. The prison population is also highly disproportionate to the general population in terms of gender distribution. Nearly 93% of prisoners in state and federal prisons are _____.


A) Black; women
B) Black; men
C) Asian; women
D) Asian; men

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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According to the text, three-strikes laws have been criticized for all of the following, EXCEPT:


A) three-strikes laws make the public angry about harsh and expensive punishments.
B) there are much cheaper and equally effective alternatives than long imprisonment.
C) three-strikes laws have been applied to relatively minor, nonviolent third offenses.
D) longer prison sentences are handed down to offenders who are "aging out" of crime.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Determinate sentencing means that judges are _____, if a defendant is found guilty of a particular crime.


A) encouraged to hand down a sentence within a prescribed range
B) required to hand down a sentence within a prescribed range
C) required to defer the sentencing decision to the jury
D) encouraged to hand down harsher sentences when it is appropriate

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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A rather radical approach to sentencing guidelines involves mandatory, or determinate sentencing, which requires judges to:


A) implement the three-strikes laws.
B) hand down sentences within a prescribed range.
C) defer the sentencing decision to the jury.
D) consider the defendant's personal characteristics.

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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According to the text, a majority of prisoners held in supermax prisons:


A) are dangerous to self or others.
B) will be released into free society.
C) file lawsuits against prison officials.
D) are assaulted by their fellow inmates.

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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The restorative justice approach, which includes face-to-face meetings and discussions between victims and offenders, has been studied using strong research designs like randomized controlled trials. These research studies have shown that victims who participated in restorative justice conferences were _____ likely to experience the symptoms of PTSD, while offenders who participated in the conferences were _____ likely to reoffend.


A) more; more
B) more; less
C) less; less
D) less; more

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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Discuss three alternatives to prison (you choose which ones to focus on). What are their advantages compared to incarceration?

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β€’Any three of the following four can be ...

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Sam has been in prison before and, after his release, he promised to himself that he would never do anything that can land him in prison again. This illustrates one of the goals of imprisonment called:


A) specific deterrence.
B) incapacitation.
C) retribution.
D) general deterrence.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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According to the text, _____ are the single largest group of inmates in federal prisons.


A) murderers
B) violent offenders
C) corporate criminals
D) drug offenders

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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