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Exam 12: Sampling Methods

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Question 1

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Cluster sampling involves selecting a sample by determining the sample size needed from the population and selecting every "nth" person from the population for inclusion in the study.

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B) False

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Question 2

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When are nonprobability samples appropriate?

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Nonprobability samples are appropriate in several research scenarios, particularly when the primary goal is not to generalize findings to the entire population but to gain insights or explore a phenomenon in-depth. Here are some situations where nonprobability sampling methods might be suitable: 1. Exploratory Research: When a researcher is at the preliminary stages of study and is looking to develop hypotheses or new ideas, nonprobability samples can provide valuable qualitative data. 2. Case Studies: In-depth examination of a single case or a small number of cases can provide detailed information that might not be captured through probability sampling methods. 3. Feasibility and Convenience: When time, resources, or access to the target population is limited, nonprobability sampling can be a practical alternative. Convenience sampling, for example, allows researchers to collect data from participants who are readily available. 4. Specificity of Population: If the study requires a very specific group of people that is hard to identify or reach, nonprobability sampling methods like purposive or judgmental sampling can help in selecting subjects who meet particular criteria. 5. Budget Constraints: Nonprobability sampling is often less expensive and less time-consuming than probability sampling, making it a viable option for researchers with limited funding. 6. Pilot Studies: Before conducting a large-scale study, researchers might use nonprobability samples to test questionnaires, procedures, or to refine research instruments. 7. Studies Where Randomization is Impossible: In some cases, it might be impossible or unethical to use random sampling. For example, when studying a rare disease, researchers might need to include all available cases. 8. Illustrative Examples: When the goal is to provide illustrative examples or detailed descriptions rather than to estimate the prevalence of characteristics within a population, nonprobability samples can be very useful. It's important to note that while nonprobability samples can provide valuable information, the results cannot be statistically generalized to the entire population with the same level of confidence as probability samples. Researchers using nonprobability samples should be cautious in making inferences and should clearly state the limitations of their sampling method when reporting findings.

Question 3

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Match each of the following terms with the correct statement. -Theoretical Population

One advantage of random samples is the ability to calculate the statistical sampling error.

Probability theory holds true when using any sampling procedure.

Bethenny is conducting a study on the relationship between teacher-student interaction and student learning outcomes. While Bethenny would like to generalize her study results to all college students, she cannot possibly sample students at every college in the United States. Because of this, Bethenny must use which type of sampling type?

Stratified sampling allows researchers to identify naturally occurring groups of participants who have a variable in common within the target population.

Bethenny is conducting a study on the relationship between teacher-student interaction and student learning outcomes. Bethenny must choose a sample for her study, so she firsts obtains a list of all potential participants in her study population (students attending Ohio University) . The students accessible to her are referred to as which of the following?

Stratified sampling is the preferred method in some research studies because it reduces the potential for sampling error.

The term _____________ refers to the notion that the results of studying a sample from a population can be assumed to be true of the entire population.

Match each of the following terms with the correct statement. -Sampling Error

A ___________ sample involves nonrandomly selecting participants to fulfill or meet a specific purpose the researcher has in mind.

Simple random samples are considered by many to be the "purest" method for collecting a probability sample.

Which form of sampling involves selecting members of the accessible population in a nonrandom manner?

During the 2012 presidential election, news sources are reported that polls indicated that 59% of the population supported Obama for reelection. In addition, sources indicated a margin of error of 4%. Which of the following was the confidence interval?

Bethenny selects the sample for her study by determining the sample size needed from the population and selecting every "nth" person from the population for inclusion in the study. Which type of sample is Bethenny using?

Which of the following samples is chosen to ensure that the number of volunteers recruited for a study is proportionate or equal to the number of group members in the population?

Amanda is conducting a study examining firefighters' communication satisfaction with their station chief. She visits all the fire stations in the region of her state and recruits participants who would like to participate in her study. What sampling approach is Amanda using?

What is the term used to refer to selecting people or units for inclusion in a research study?

A ______________ refers to an entire set of objects, observations, or scores that have some characteristic in common.