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In terms of multiracial identity, "hypodescension" means


A) the multiracial person primarily identifies with the lower-status culture in this country.
B) the multiracial person primarily identifies as being European American, or with the higher-status culture in this country.
C) the person does not strongly identify with either culture.
D) the person has created his/her own unique culture.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following stages is part of Poston's five-stage model of biracial identity development?


A) Integration
B) Enmeshment/denial
C) Personal identity
D) Identity confusion

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Parham and Helms (1981) constructed the _________________ to measure Cross' stages of nigrescence.


A) Multicultural Attitude Scale (MAS)
B) Identity Attitude Scale (IDS)
C) Social Desirability Scale (SDS)
D) Racial Identity Attitude Scale (RIAS)

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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The Clark and Clark (1939) doll study had widespread influence in the field of psychology and beyond, including being used as evidence in which Supreme Court case?


A) Brown vs. Board of Education
B) Plessy vs. Ferguson
C) Dred Scott vs. Sandford
D) Gibbons vs. Ogden

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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This model specifically addresses how the individual feels about him/herself, others of the same group, others of another minority group, and members of the majority or dominant group.


A) Five-stage model of biracial identity development
B) Racial and cultural identity development model
C) "Nigrescence" model
D) Davis model of racial identity development

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions of Ruiz' (1990) model of Chicano/Latino identity development?


A) Marginality has a high correlation with maladjustment.
B) Forced assimilation produces negative consequences.
C) Pride in one's own ethnic identity restricts one's freedom of choice.
D) Pride in one's own ethnic identity has a positive correlation with mental health.

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Malik feels proud of his African American heritage, but clearly recognizes both the strengths and weaknesses of his group. At the same time, he enjoys reaching out to and learning about other cultural groups. According to the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model, what stage is Malik in?


A) Introspection
B) Integrative awareness
C) Resistance and immersion
D) Dissonance

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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According to Erickson (1950/1963) , one of the major developmental tasks for human beings is developing ____________.


A) identity
B) discovery
C) personality
D) physical ability

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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According to Beverly Tatum, when do African Americans begin to view themselves in terms of race?


A) As soon as they are born
B) As early adolescents
C) As young adults
D) Never

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Clarence is African American, but he believes African Americans are lazy and dumb and should try to work harder so they can be as successful as European American people. According to the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model, what stage is Clarence in?


A) Dissonance
B) Conformity
C) Introspection
D) Integrative awareness

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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The disappointment and guilt that Janene felt after she learned about the injustices suffered by Native Americans place her in which status of European American identity development?


A) Contact
B) Pseudoindependence
C) Autonomy
D) Disintegration

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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According to the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model, at what stage is someone most likely to say, "I can't stand White people! I don't trust them. They think they know it all and are so fake!"


A) Conformity
B) Dissonance
C) Introspection
D) Resistance and immersion

E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

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Mike notices the inconsistencies in his attitudes. For example, he won't buy a German-made car because of the atrocities committed by the Germans in World War II, but he buys Japanese cars even though he knows about the atrocities committed by the Japanese against the Chinese. Mike's ability to be self-critical places him in which of Cross' stages of nigrescence?


A) Pre-encounter
B) Encounter
C) Internalization
D) Immersion/emersion

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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The racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model


A) explains the coming out process.
B) describes the stages of nigrescence.
C) is a measure of cultural identity development.
D) is a comprehensive model that pulls together the common features of all the different group identity development models.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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All of the cultural identity development models sound similar because of the influence of the original model proposed by


A) Cross.
B) Parham and Helms.
C) Atkinson, Morton, and Sue.
D) Clark and Clark.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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In the resistance and immersion stage of the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model, a person


A) rejects the minority's view and accepts the dominant culture.
B) accepts the minority's view and rejects the dominant culture.
C) rejects the minority's view and rejects the dominant culture.
D) appreciates both the positive and negative aspects of both cultures.

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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In Helms' first status of European American racial identity development, contact:


A) people are aware of racism.
B) European American people are unaware and uninformed about racism.
C) European American people are socialized with other races.
D) European American people identify most with African Americans.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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Who proposed a series of stages for sexual identity development?


A) Cross
B) Cass
C) Helms
D) Sue

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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The dissonance stage in the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model says an individual


A) is constantly reinforced by society regarding his/her beliefs.
B) encounters contradictory information regarding his/her beliefs.
C) completely espouses minority views and rejects the dominant culture.
D) shows a strong preference for the values and beliefs of the dominant culture.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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