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After the War of 1898, in 1901, the US Congress passed the Platt Amendment concerning US involvement in Cuba. This Amendment:


A) Mandated immediate withdrawal of US troops from Cuba
B) Offered statehood to Cuba, which declined
C) Authorized military intervention in Cuba any time the US judged there was a threat to U.S. interests on the island
D) Legalized casino gambling in Havana

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Two characteristics of revolution, according to Hannah Arendt on the subject, are:


A) Violence and reform
B) Freedom and the social question
C) Victory and counter-revolution
D) Poverty and frustration

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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B

With which of the following is "Preferential Option for the Poor" most closely associated?


A) The Pink Tide
B) US aid programs to stem the tide of revoluiton in Central America
C) Cuba's social and economic programs after the 1959 Revolution
D) Liberation Theology

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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How did the Civil War in El Salvador come to an end?


A) The U.S. backed army defeated the FMLN rebels and eliminated them as a poltical force
B) The FMLN defeated the army and began to implement its programs of social and economic change
C) The FMLN and government arrived at an internationally mediated, negotiated end, with neither side fully winning
D) U.S. marines invaded, forced both sides to accept a cease fire, and organized new elections

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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C

Which of the following has the Cuba's government failed to accomplish since the Revolution?


A) Universal health care
B) Sustained economic economic growth
C) Free higher education
D) Friendly relations with African countries

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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What was "History will Absolve Me"?


A) Che Guevara's letter before he was killed in Bolivia
B) A statement by a former associate of Fidel Castro who expressed his regret for supporting the Revolution of 1959
C) Fidel Castro's speech after being put on trial for treason in 1953
D) John F. Kennedy's defense of CIA programs that aimed to assassinate Fidel Castro

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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What best describes the trajectory of democracy in Nicaragua in the first decade after the Sandinista (FSLN) Revolution of 1979?


A) The FSLN experimented with participatory democracy but then instituted representative democracy, eventually losing control of the presidency for a while.
B) As in Cuba, the FSLN joined with the communists to institute Soviet style government before it was overthrown by the control rebels
C) Nicaragua has competitive elections but the FSLN has never lost since taking power.
D) After a few years of losing elections, the FSLN and Sandinistas faded away

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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The Sandinista Revolution fought against:


A) The Somoza family dynasty in Nicaragua
B) The "14 Families" oligarchy in El Salvador
C) The refusal of a dictator to leave office in Honduras
D) The genocidal government in Guatemala

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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What best describes elections in Cuba?


A) There are none.
B) Communist Party members win most elections, but nominees are put forth by local assemblies and need not be Party members
C) You must be a member of the Communist Party to run in an election
D) Opposition parties can run and support candidates legally but usually lose

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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The coup that overthrew President Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954:


A) Was carried by the Guatemalan military with signifcant planning and help from the US Central Intelligence Agency
B) Was instigated by the Guatemalan Communist party but failed thanks to intervention by the US
C) Led to the first genuinely free elections in the country's history
D) Was the result of an uprising by the Mayan population

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Jose Marti's plans for Cuba after independence envisioned:


A) Democracy but little social change
B) Dmocracy and a mutual defense treaty with the U.S.
C) Democracy and programs to address racial and other inequalities
D) A period of government under a single party dedicated to social change

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Why did Cuba turn to Communism after the 1959 Revolution?


A) The Soviet Union had secretly funded and armed Castro's army in the 1950s.
B) Fidel Castro had secretly been a Communist Party member from his university days onward
C) After 1959, the Cuban Communist Party offered an organizational base and the Soviet Union offered key support against US intervention
D) The Communist Party was almost non-existant in Cuba, so it was easy for Fidel to take it over.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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Why does Jose Marti, one of Latin America's outstanding intellectual and literary figures, have such exalted status among Cubans today?


A) He was executed by the Batista dictatorship for organizing resistance to it.
B) He worked closely with the United States government to liberate Cuba from Spain
C) He successfully negotiated the withdrawal of US troops from Cuba after the War with Spain
D) He was a literary figure who died in battle against Spanish troops a few years before the war of 1898 and Cuban independence

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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D

In the 1980s, the Guatemalan military regime carried out a largely successful counter-insurgency with held from the United States. The campaign is most known for:


A) Genocide against Mayan peoples
B) Land reform that deprived the guerrallas of a base in the countryside
C) The deaths of several hundred Cubans fighting on the guerrilla sie
D) The first successful anti-terrorist operation in the Americas

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Among the factors underlying the political unrest in Central America in the 1980s was:


A) The land tenure system in the countryside had hardly changed since colonial times
B) The military was weakend by withdrawal of US aid
C) Little economic growth had occured in the region since World War II
D) New agricultural and ranching exports displaced peasants and generated rural unrest

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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