Question 1

Replication is an important aspect of scientific research. However, there are many instances in which replication occurs frequently within a particular laboratory but fails when other research laboratories attempt the experiment. One possibility is due to the ___________, as researchers are often known to have trouble switching views. Another reason may be the ___________, since researchers have vested interests in successfully conducting their work.

Accepted Answer

A)   overconfidence bias; self-serving bias
B)   self-serving bias; overconfidence bias
C)   belief perseverance; overconfidence bias
D)   belief perseverance; self-serving biasE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 2

Your textbook outlined three goals for science. Which of the following is true about these goals?

Accepted Answer

A)   The three goals are design, testing, and conclusion, representing the stages involved in design a study to explore a question.
B)   The three goals are description, explanation, and prediction. They are sequential stages that do not interact.
C)   The three goals, design, testing, and conclusion are integral in helping researchers look for converging evidence.
D)   The three goals are description, explanation, and prediction. They are intertwined stages that influence one another in the scientific process.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 3

Secondary sources are great outlets for individuals to get scientific claims that are written directly from the researchers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Well-known institutions are always trustworthy and never have any questionable practices that might lead one to question their claims and research findings.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Which of the following is the best way of evaluating claims in the media?

Accepted Answer

A)   By looking for claims endorsed by the most prominent celebrity.
B)   By gathering multiple media reports and checking if they agree.
C)   By looking for the most read article in a popular news outlet.
D)   By gathering the latest articles within the past six months and prioritizing the ones that are most read.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 6

Which of the following does not describe a claim arising from cognitive bias?

Accepted Answer

A)   David claims that mint tea helps with weight loss because he has lost 5 pounds since drinking it everyday.
B)   Even when faced with contradictory evidence, Louis still maintains that algae pills cured his allergies.
C)   After reading multiple media reports on sleep, Luke claims that everyone should sleep enough to be able to concentrate well.
D)   Fred claims that a particular brand of energy drink is most effective because all his friends say so.E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the relationship between basic and applied research?

Accepted Answer

A)   Basic research relies heavily on the findings of applied research.
B)   Basic research often yields immediate practical breakthroughs, whereas findings of applied research yield breakthroughs at a more theoretical level.
C)   Basic research produces findings that are often the foundation of applied research.
D)   Basic research and applied research often do not have any relation at all.E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 8

A researcher has recently published an article about the benefits of a smartphone application for increasing concentration levels and intelligence. You later find out that this researcher owns shares in the company that developed this application. Which of the following is now the most reasonable response to the researcher's claims?

Accepted Answer

A)   The researcher has a vested interest in the success of the application and might not be objective about how good it really is.
B)   Prior research has shown that these smartphone applications do increase intelligence, so the researcher is probably objective.
C)   The researcher is an expert in cognitive science, thus the claims are still valid.
D)   The company did not pay the researcher for doing the research, so the researcher is not biased.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 9

In media reports of scientific findings, researchers are sometimes quoted promoting a particular treatment or product. Which of the following statements presents the claim and rational that you should be most skeptical of?

Accepted Answer

A)   A researcher has conducted cancer research for 5 years; he claims that a particular cancer drug works well are less credible than other researchers who have been in the field for a longer period of time.
B)   A researcher conducts experiments with animals; he claims that overcrowding causes stress. This is not credible because his studies do not involve human subjects.
C)   A researcher conducts experiments outside the United States of America; he claims that a drug he developed is effective are less credible because his laboratory is outside federal regulations.
D)   A researcher conducts experiments for a university that are funded by a pharmaceutical company; he claims that the company's drug is effective is less credible because he has vested interest.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 10

Which of the following biases or heuristics make it particularly challenging for researchers to convince the public that the findings might be interesting and novel?

Accepted Answer

A)   Framing effect Bias
B)   Overconfidence Bias
C)   Ingroup Bias
D)   
D)   Hindsight BiasE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 11

Which of the following is best categorized as a pseudo-scientific claim?

Accepted Answer

A)   A company claiming that experimental results suggest that their product significantly boosts the immune system.
B)   Bob's grandmother claiming that researchers have found that quality sleep affects how memories are consolidated based on an article she read online.
C)   A group of expert researchers citing anecdotal evidence in a presentation to claim support to their theory about how stress influences workplace performance.
D)   A team of undergraduate students drawing conclusions on social media use based on a survey they conducted in a research methods course.E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 12

The Stroop effect is an example of scientific research that exemplifies cognitive biases.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

One of the goals of science is to make predictions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

You should never trust a research claim at face value, no matter how experienced the researcher is.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Researchers often present preliminary data. Which one of the following best describes preliminary data?

Accepted Answer

A)   Preliminary data are generally rarely presented publicly. Most scientists know the danger of over interpreting preliminary data, and thus their presentation at conferences is highly discouraged before the research itself is published in a peer-reviewed journal.
B)   Preliminary data very rarely, if ever, misses the target. By the time the data has been collected, researchers often have a very clear idea of whether or not the claims are supported or rejected.
C)   Preliminary data should be interpreted with caution. But even so, science is a peer-reviewed process and these data are widely accepted at conferences to be presented and critiqued.
D)   Preliminary data are very useful for researchers. They exist because they are often related to some of the hottest research topics and findings. Furthermore, based on preliminary findings alone, researchers generally are already able to successfully conduct replications without much to worry about.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 16

Anecdotal evidence, as seen with the example of Power bands that athletes use, are a hallmark of scientific research.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Which of the following regarding mood effects and decision fatigue is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   Mood effects only influence research participants since researchers follow strict protocols when conducting research. Decision fatigue influences both the researcher and the participant.
B)   Mood effects and decision fatigue both generally only influence the research participant.
C)   Mood effects only influences the researcher; participants are often studied in well controlled environments that do not impact their mood. Decision fatigue, on the other hand, only influences the research participant. Repeated trials can exhaust a participant so researchers need to be mindful for how much they are asking from the participant.
D)   Mood effects and decision fatigue both influence the researcher and the research participant.E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 18

A researcher has obtained preliminary data for one of her studies. Which option best describes the attitude of the scientific community towards preliminary data?

Accepted Answer

A)   Preliminary data is never presented at conferences to prevent over interpretation.
B)   Preliminary data seldom differs from the actual data, so conclusions can be drawn from the state of preliminary data.
C)   Preliminary data should be interpreted with caution but they are still often presented at conferences to be reviewed and critiqued.
D)   Based on preliminary data, researchers are generally able to successfully replicate findings without much to worry about.E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

Using a scientific approach to research means that one is always using subjective approaches.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

If a specific area of research has findings that show converging evidence, one can infer that replication has occurred.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 1: Introduction to Research Methods

Well-known institutions are always trustworthy and never have any questionable practices that might lead one to question their claims and research findings.

Correct Answer
verified

The Stroop effect is an example of scientific research that exemplifies cognitive biases.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following does not describe a claim arising from cognitive bias?

Correct Answer
verified

Researchers often present preliminary data. Which one of the following best describes preliminary data?

Correct Answer
verified

Anecdotal evidence, as seen with the example of Power bands that athletes use, are a hallmark of scientific research.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following biases or heuristics make it particularly challenging for researchers to convince the public that the findings might be interesting and novel?

Correct Answer
verified

If a specific area of research has findings that show converging evidence, one can infer that replication has occurred.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is the best way of evaluating claims in the media?

Correct Answer
verified

You should never trust a research claim at face value, no matter how experienced the researcher is.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following regarding mood effects and decision fatigue is true?

Correct Answer
verified

Secondary sources are great outlets for individuals to get scientific claims that are written directly from the researchers.

Correct Answer
verified

Using a scientific approach to research means that one is always using subjective approaches.

Correct Answer
verified

A researcher has obtained preliminary data for one of her studies. Which option best describes the attitude of the scientific community towards preliminary data?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is best categorized as a pseudo-scientific claim?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

One of the goals of science is to make predictions.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Your textbook outlined three goals for science. Which of the following is true about these goals?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following best describes the relationship between basic and applied research?

Correct Answer
verified

In media reports of scientific findings, researchers are sometimes quoted promoting a particular treatment or product. Which of the following statements presents the claim and rational that you should be most skeptical of?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 1: Introduction to Research Methods

Well-known institutions are always trustworthy and never have any questionable practices that might lead one to question their claims and research findings.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Stroop effect is an example of scientific research that exemplifies cognitive biases.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following does not describe a claim arising from cognitive bias?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Researchers often present preliminary data. Which one of the following best describes preliminary data?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Anecdotal evidence, as seen with the example of Power bands that athletes use, are a hallmark of scientific research.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following biases or heuristics make it particularly challenging for researchers to convince the public that the findings might be interesting and novel?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If a specific area of research has findings that show converging evidence, one can infer that replication has occurred.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is the best way of evaluating claims in the media?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

You should never trust a research claim at face value, no matter how experienced the researcher is.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following regarding mood effects and decision fatigue is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Secondary sources are great outlets for individuals to get scientific claims that are written directly from the researchers.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Using a scientific approach to research means that one is always using subjective approaches.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A researcher has obtained preliminary data for one of her studies. Which option best describes the attitude of the scientific community towards preliminary data?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is best categorized as a pseudo-scientific claim?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One of the goals of science is to make predictions.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Your textbook outlined three goals for science. Which of the following is true about these goals?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following best describes the relationship between basic and applied research?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In media reports of scientific findings, researchers are sometimes quoted promoting a particular treatment or product. Which of the following statements presents the claim and rational that you should be most skeptical of?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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