Question 1

According to the textbook, people seldom behave in different ways with different people.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

I data are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   self-judgments
B)   judgments made by knowledgeable observers
C)   easily observable, real-life outcomes
D)   direct observations of the subject in some predefined contextE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 3

Different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   each judge may see the target person in only a limited number of social contexts
B)   judges may form a mistaken impression based on the recollection of a single, uncharacteristic behavior
C)   some informants may have biases that affect the accuracy of their judgments
D)   all of the aboveE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 4

Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental?

Accepted Answer

A)   I
B)   B
C)   L
D)   SE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 5

What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ?

Accepted Answer

A)   S instruments
B)   omnibus personality test batteries
C)   objective tests
D)   performance-based personality testsE) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 6

The terms expectancy effect and behavioral confirmation refer to the same psychological phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)  is that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create?

Accepted Answer

A)   Participants can easily fake responses on the items.
B)   Such items raise concerns with social desirability.
C)   Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms.
D)   Such items tend to make participants very anxious.E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 8

An academic transcript is an example of L data.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

A major advantage of S data is that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   only a trained personality psychologist can interpret S data
B)   the best information about personality is obtainable from real-life social outcomes
C)   you are the world's best expert about your own personality
D)   to assess personality, you must observe what the person actually doesE) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 10

According to the textbook, daily diary reports can be considered ________ data.

Accepted Answer

A)   L
B)   I
C)   S
D)   BE) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 11

I data are superior to S data when considering reports of self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological significance.

Accepted Answer

A)   S
B)   B
C)   I
D)   LE) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 13

In a priming study, participants solved puzzles that included words such as gray, wise, retired, and Florida. After solving these puzzles, participants were observed as they walked down a hallway. The observation of participants' speed of walking would be considered ________ data.

Accepted Answer

A)   experience sampling
B)   experimental B
C)   L
D)   projectiveE) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 14

Judgments by informants are seldom distorted by biases in memory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure?

Accepted Answer

A)   Conduct an exploratory factor analysis on the items.
B)   Conduct a confirmatory factor analysis on the items.
C)   Conduct an internal consistency analysis on the items.
D)   Read and consider the content of the items.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

If Dr. O'Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O'Connell want to use S data?

Accepted Answer

A)   S data have causal force.
B)   S data are relatively simple and easy to collect.
C)   The person providing S data might be the world's best expert about Laura.
D)   All of the above.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   gather only a very small number of clues and focus on the important ones
B)   gather only clues that are certain not to be misleading
C)   rely solely on self-report data
D)   collect as many clues as possibleE) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 18

A major disadvantage of L data is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   that they provide too much information
B)   that informants may have access to only a narrow range of the target's behavior
C)   that the data are influenced by multiple factors besides just personality
D)   that judges may be biased about the person they are describingE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 19

Why does Funder believe there are no perfect indicators of personality? What strategies can researchers use to deal with this concern?

Accepted Answer

Funder believes there are no perfect ind...

Question 20

Which of the following types of personality data is the most objective and verifiable?

Accepted Answer

A)   S
B)   B
C)   I
D)   LE) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Exam 2: Clues to Personality: the Basic Sources of Data

I data are superior to S data when considering reports of self-esteem.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological significance.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A major disadvantage of L data is ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An academic transcript is an example of L data.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The terms expectancy effect and behavioral confirmation refer to the same psychological phenomenon.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In a priming study, participants solved puzzles that included words such as gray, wise, retired, and Florida. After solving these puzzles, participants were observed as they walked down a hallway. The observation of participants' speed of walking would be considered ________ data.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the textbook, people seldom behave in different ways with different people.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following types of personality data is the most objective and verifiable?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Judgments by informants are seldom distorted by biases in memory.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A major advantage of S data is that ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the textbook, daily diary reports can be considered ________ data.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If Dr. O'Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O'Connell want to use S data?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

I data are ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why does Funder believe there are no perfect indicators of personality? What strategies can researchers use to deal with this concern?

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIFunder believes there are no perfect ind...View AnswerShow Answer

What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Funder believes there are no perfect ind...
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