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The learning-performance distinction suggests that:


A) children learn better if required to perform some behavior
B) when something is learned, it is immediately performed
C) reinforcement does not play a role in observational learning
D) learning may occur but may not always be immediately evident

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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"Ah ha!" is to ____ as reinforcement is to ____.


A) insight learning; operant conditioning
B) imprinting; classical conditioning
C) preparedness; cognitive theory
D) spontaneous recovery; insight learning

E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

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The nutcracker bird has an impressive memory that enables it to find previously hidden food.It remembers where the hidden food is by recalling important landmarks such as trees.The bird's ____ is responsible for its remarkable memory.


A) prepared learning
B) imprinting
C) larger than normal hippocampus
D) cerebrum

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Out in the garden,Lucille is given a dime for every five weeds she pulls.What reinforcement schedule is she on?


A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Explain the Law of Effect and how Skinner used it to develop operant conditioning.

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The Law of Effect, proposed by psycholog...

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Thorndike found that a cat learned to escape from a puzzle box by the consequences of its behavior.How could he arrive at such a conclusion?


A) The CR was increasing in magnitude over time.
B) The cat learned by watching Thorndike open the puzzle box.
C) The CS (freedom) provided information about the occurrence of the UCS (piece of fish) .
D) The time it took cats to escape decreased over time.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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A police dog is quickly taught to detect the smell of drugs such as marijuana and cocaine.Which of the following best explains the ease with which the dog acquires this ability?


A) prepared learning
B) imprinting
C) desensitization
D) spontaneous recovery

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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As a trainer is working with a killer whale,what primary reinforcer is being associated with the sound of a whistle?


A) a specific behavior
B) to follow a target
C) an underwater light
D) food

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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If you give your dog a treat each time she performs a trick,you are using


A) interval reinforcement
B) basic reinforcement
C) partial reinforcement
D) continuous reinforcement

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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A pigeon pecks on a sign and is given food.The food is a:


A) secondary consequence
B) primary stimulus
C) primary reinforcer
D) secondary reinforcer

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Punishment reduces the chance that a behavior will be repeated.

A) True
B) False

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"I watched a show on television last month about a person eating several cups of earthworms.I paid attention to it and I remember it very well.I suppose I could do it,but there's no good reason for me to do it." Which process of social cognitive learning is lacking in this person's case?


A) motivation
B) generalization
C) discrimination
D) imitation

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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Later in his life,Skinner recognized the importance of cognitive factors in learning.

A) True
B) False

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Reinforcers increase the likelihood that behaviors will be repeated.

A) True
B) False

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Trial-and-error learning is associated with experiments conducted with hungry cats placed in a puzzle box.This work was conducted by:


A) B. F. Skinner
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) Edward Thorndike
D) Albert Bandura

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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As compared to classical conditioning,the behaviors to be learned in operant conditioning are:


A) reflexive
B) elicited
C) automatic
D) voluntary

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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The four processes necessary for observational learning are attention,memory,imitation,and ____.


A) discrimination
B) generalization
C) motivation
D) reinforcement

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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If a behavior is reinforced each and every time it occurs,its reinforcement schedule is:


A) an interval schedule of reinforcement
B) continuous reinforcement
C) complete reinforcement
D) stable reinforcement

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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What is described as the idea that behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened,while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened?


A) behavioral facilitation
B) the principle of continuity
C) cognitive learning
D) the Law of Effect

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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The program described in your textbook for autistic children used principles based primarily upon:


A) classical conditioning
B) cognitive learning
C) operant conditioning
D) psychodynamic theory

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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