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Suppose a population splits into two descendant populations prior to the evolution of dark coloration,then splits again after the evolution of dark coloration.Which of the following terms best describes the dark coloration trait in this situation?


A) Homoplasy
B) Analogy
C) Synapomorphy
D) Symplesiomorphy

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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Although they serve no current functions,vestigial traits may persist in some organisms because


A) the trait is not costly to the organism.
B) natural selection does not act against the trait.
C) there is some natural selection against the trait, and it is on its way out-eventually will be lost.
D) All of the above

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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The study of phylogeny allows us to understand the


A) major events in evolutionary history.
B) history of descent.
C) relationships among taxa of organisms.
D) All of the above

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Consider a population in which the coat color of a population or species changes from light to dark over evolutionary time.Using this example,draw an evolutionary tree to illustrate each of the following evolutionary conditions: A.A derived trait B.A homoplasy C.A symplesiomorphy

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Convergent evolution occurs when


A) closely related populations or species diverge from one another because natural selection operates differently on each of them.
B) two or more populations or species become more similar to each other because they are exposed to similar selective conditions.
C) Both of the above
D) None of the above

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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What are the differences between rooted and unrooted phylogenetic trees?

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Based on the figure above,what does the upper dot in each figure represent? A) An ancestral population B) The most recent common ancestor of birds and crocodilians C) The most recent common ancestor to all tetrapods D) A and C Based on the figure above,what does the upper dot in each figure represent?


A) An ancestral population
B) The most recent common ancestor of birds and crocodilians
C) The most recent common ancestor to all tetrapods
D) A and C

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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The study of phylogeny rests on our observation of traits,which may include


A) anatomical features.
B) genetics sequences.
C) embryological processes.
D) All of the above

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following pairs correctly matches the phylogenetic tree type (1,2,or 3) with the information it represents (i,ii,or iii) . 1) Cladograms 2) Phylograms 3) Chronograms i.A tree with aligned branch tips that indicates only the evolutionary relationships among the taxa shown ii.A tree in which branch lengths represent actual time rather than the amount of evolutionary change iii.A tree in which branch lengths represent the relative amount of evolutionary change


A) (1-i) ,(2-ii) ,and (3-iii)
B) (1-i) ,(2-iii) ,and (3-ii)
C) 1-ii) ,(2-i) ,and (3-iii)
D) (1-ii) ,(2-iii) ,and (3-i)

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Based on the phylogenetic tree above,which of the following groups is most closely related to mammals? A) Snakes B) Amphibians C) Amphibians and all reptiles D) All reptiles and birds E) All reptiles but not birds Based on the phylogenetic tree above,which of the following groups is most closely related to mammals?


A) Snakes
B) Amphibians
C) Amphibians and all reptiles
D) All reptiles and birds
E) All reptiles but not birds

F) A) and D)
G) A) and B)

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Based on the figure above,which of the following statements is true? A) Flower shape was used to infer this phylogenetic tree. B) The origin of a new flower shape evolved after the origin of dark coloration. C) The origin of a new flower shape evolved before the origin of dark coloration. D) A and B E) None of the above Based on the figure above,which of the following statements is true?


A) Flower shape was used to infer this phylogenetic tree.
B) The origin of a new flower shape evolved after the origin of dark coloration.
C) The origin of a new flower shape evolved before the origin of dark coloration.
D) A and B
E) None of the above

F) A) and B)
G) A) and D)

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Based on the figure above,draw the three rooted trees that would result from rooting at each of the nodes (A,B,and C)indicated by the labeled dots. Based on the figure above,draw the three rooted trees that would result from rooting at each of the nodes (A,B,and C)indicated by the labeled dots.

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Answer should replic...

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Vestigial traits serve as a strong test of Darwin's theory of evolution by common ancestry.Based on the figure above,in which limbless organisms would you expect to find vestigial limbs? A) Jellyfish B) Fish C) Annelid worms D) Snakes Vestigial traits serve as a strong test of Darwin's theory of evolution by common ancestry.Based on the figure above,in which limbless organisms would you expect to find vestigial limbs?


A) Jellyfish
B) Fish
C) Annelid worms
D) Snakes

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Based on the figure above,what does the lower interior node in each figure represent? A) An ancestral population B) The common ancestor of birds and crocodilians C) The common ancestor to all tetrapods D) A and B Based on the figure above,what does the lower interior node in each figure represent?


A) An ancestral population
B) The common ancestor of birds and crocodilians
C) The common ancestor to all tetrapods
D) A and B

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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The study of phylogeny predominantly aims to


A) understand the branching relationships of populations as they give rise to descendant populations over time.
B) uncover evidence for natural selection.
C) provide a theoretical basis for Darwin's idea of a branching pattern of descent with modification.
D) All of the above

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Based on the tree above,draw a tree that resolves two of the four polytomies and explain why you are able to do so using the tree above and your own illustrations. Based on the tree above,draw a tree that resolves two of the four polytomies and explain why you are able to do so using the tree above and your own illustrations.

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German biologist Willi Hennig (1913-1976)


A) established the modern approach to classification.
B) documented evolutionary history in his book Phylogenetic Systematics.
C) noted that phylogenetic trees can help us to classify organisms according to their evolutionary history.
D) All of the above

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Based on the figure above,which of the following statements is true? A) There is a one base change between the analyzed sequences of lineages 1 and 2. B) There is a one base change between the analyzed sequences of lineages 2 and 3. C) The analyzed sequences of lineages 5 and 6 are the most similar. D) A and B E) B and C Based on the figure above,which of the following statements is true?


A) There is a one base change between the analyzed sequences of lineages 1 and 2.
B) There is a one base change between the analyzed sequences of lineages 2 and 3.
C) The analyzed sequences of lineages 5 and 6 are the most similar.
D) A and B
E) B and C

F) None of the above
G) B) and D)

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Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)


A) was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician.
B) wrote Systema Naturae.
C) had the insight that organisms can be organized into a system hierarchical classification without having a theoretical explanation for why these patterns should exist.
D) All of the above

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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In what ways do the processes of reconstructing phylogenetic trees and mapping evolutionary events onto trees generate hypotheses?

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