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Exam 5: Cell Biology of Bacteria and Eukaryotes

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Question 1

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The bacterial nucleoid contains loops of DNA that emanate from a central point called the ________.

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Question 2

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Which organelle arose via endosymbiosis?

A) chloroplast
B) Golgi apparatus
C) lysosome
D) nucleus

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Question 3

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This electron micrograph shows staphylococci,spherical cells that cluster together like grape bunches.This form occurs when cell wall expansion occurs

Bacterial cells that expand their cell walls during septation (not before) and septate in parallel planes will form

While most wild E.coli usually have flagella,many lab strains have lost their flagella.What is a likely cause of this loss?

Which of the following is FALSE of teichoic acids?

Which organelle is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

The majority of the bacterial cell cytoplasm (by total weight) is

CASE HISTORY Jennifer,age 23,had just graduated from college with a Fulbright fellowship to study sociology in Africa.Before leaving the United States,she obtained a routine physical exam at a large city hospital.Upon returning home from the hospital,she developed a swelling in her leg.When she returned to the hospital,she was told that the swelling represented an allergic reaction and was given anti-inflammatory agents.The swelling grew,and within a day the skin ruptured with a bloody discharge.Upon return to the emergency room,Jennifer at last received the correct diagnosis of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus infection (MRSA).A nurse commented that hospital visitors can acquire MRSA;the infectious agent is endemic at many hospitals in the United States and is very difficult to eradicate.She showed Jennifer a micrograph of the bacteria,Staphylococcus aureus,which septate in alternating division planes,thus forming clusters of cells.Jennifer required many weeks of treatment with the antibiotics doxycycline and clindamycin (inhibits protein synthesis)before the infection resolved,and she had to postpone her fellowship for a year. Methicillin,the antibiotic to which MRSA is characteristically resistant,targets the cell wall.Discuss the structure of the cell wall in a bacterial cell like those of MRSA and how antibiotics can target this structure without harming the patient.

If Na⁺ is at a higher concentration outside a cell than inside,________ is the most likely means for sodium ions to enter the cell (and for nothing else to enter or leave).

In Gram-negative bacteria the cell membrane separates the

In this scanning electron micrograph of Borrelia burgdorferi,which of the following structures is visible?

Flagella are required for bacterial

ATP synthase is found in bacterial cell membranes.In eukaryotic cells,ATP synthase is found in the

In Gram-negative bacteria,peptidoglycan is found in the

Explain how bacterial cells can divide so rapidly,some in as little as ten minutes between generations.

The region within the inner and outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria is known as the ________.

Ribosomes associate with which endomembrane organelle?

CASE HISTORY In the Indian state of Bihar,a school nurse noticed that a 13-year-old boy,Naranjan,had swelling on his nose and lips.When questioned,Naranjan complained of a pruritic (itchy) rash on his arms and legs.Upon examination,the nurse found pale patches of skin on his back.The pale patches lacked sensation,and there was partial loss of sensation in Naranjan's wrists and forearms.The patient was diagnosed with leprosy,caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae.The bacteria stain acid-fast and are spread primarily by nasal secretions.For unknown reasons,only 5% of people exposed to the bacteria are susceptible to infection.In a susceptible host,the bacteria can grow slowly for many years without symptoms.They infect the peripheral nerves,causing loss of sensation,and the body's immune reaction generates skin lesions.To halt the disease,Naranjan was started on a two-year course of multidrug therapy combining dapsone,clofazimine,and rifampin.To monitor hepatotoxicity,liver function tests were ordered.Naranjan's family and neighbors were screened;one member,an uncle,showed skin lesions.The uncle was treated also.Leprosy is difficult to eradicate because of the long incubation period and because people hide their symptoms,fearing stigma as "lepers." Mycobacterium leprae,or leprosy disease,often takes years to develop.Naranjan must use a long-term multidrug therapy to cure it.Why is it necessary to take the drugs for such a long period,and why must he take so many drugs at once?

Which bacterial cellular constituent is most liable to change under changing environmental conditions?