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John Stuart Mill -Mill believes that one person sacrificing themselves for a group of people is not good because


A) no sacrifice is ever selflessly done..
B) no person ought to harm themselves for the group's sake.
C) a sacrifice's good lies in the consequences,not the action itself.
D) a community never benefits if an individual is harmed.

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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Hildegard of Bingen -Which of the following does Hildegard NOT say about the soul?


A) The soul animates the body.
B) The soul controls both the intellect and the will.
C) The soul and the body are interconnected.
D) The soul is unknowable by the sense perception.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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THOMAS AQUINAS -According to Thomas,the statement "God exists" is


A) unknowable.
B) evident by virtue of human reason.
C) made known to us by faith alone.
D) self-evident to us.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Baruch Spinoza -God necessarily exists because


A) God is the unmoved mover of independent substances.
B) God is pure attribute,and attributes necessarily exist,or otherwise there would be no substances.
C) God's existence is an essential attribute of God's nature and there is no cause to take that attribute away.
D) the idea of God could only be created by God.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Karl Marx -The capitalistic system isolates people from one another for all of the following reasons except


A) People can only relate through the products of their labor,and when they are isolated from the products of their labor,they are also isolated from one another.
B) Workers compete for jobs with other workers,which builds hostility rather than comradery.
C) Workers are at odds with the foremen and so alienate themselves from their bosses.
D) Since workers each own a part of the means of production,they cannot agree to work together.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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George Berkeley -According to Philonous,humans come to know spiritual substance


A) through reflection on ourselves and others.
B) through the influence of spiritual ideas.
C) by meditating on material substance.
D) Not at all.Spiritual substance is as contradictory as material substance.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Socrates and Plato -In the Myth of the Cave,the prisoners in chains represent


A) the Spartans.
B) those who violate the rules of the guardians.
C) those who are natural-born slaves.
D) all of us before we recollect the Forms

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Immanuel Kant -According to Kant,the moral laws cannot be determined by nature,instinct,culture,etc.because


A) all cultures and people differ,which means that there is no absolute right and wrong and hence,no moral law.
B) if specific circumstances determined morals,then morality would not be universal and would have no authority to govern human behavior.
C) morality is concerned with good results,which are determined by other factors than nature,culture,etc.
D) moral laws are unknowable,because they are abstractions and humans can only guess at them,just as they can only guess at metaphysics.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Willard Van Orman Quine -In claiming that 'bachelor' is defined as 'unmarried man,'


A) we have the connection need to turn "No bachelor is married" into an analytic proposition.
B) we have a clear instance of an analytic statement.
C) we are making an a priori assertion.
D) we are relying on the empirical observations of the lexicographer.

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Aristotle -Given what Aristotle says about wisdom,art and experience,what might he say about the Internet?


A) "The Internet has lots of information and so is a source of wisdom."
B) "The Internet has lots of information and is a good source of factual data."
C) "The Internet provides you with experiences and so is a source of wisdom."
D) "The final cause of the Internet is to waste your time."

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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John Locke -Power,according to Locke,includes all of the following except


A) relations between objects.
B) the ability to change.
C) the ability to be both passive and active.
D) its origin began with God at creation.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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David Hume -What does Hume conclude to be a true miracle?


A) a person's active faith
B) a violation of the laws of nature
C) an unusual happening which is attested to by reliable witnesses
D) any unusual activity

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Thomas Hobbes -Which of the following is an example of "mental discourse" specific to human beings?


A) Pavlov's dog drools whenever it hears a bell.
B) A scientist observes that the sky is blue.
C) Archimedes knows that if he were to put gold in water it would sink.
D) A child is fascinated by colored pictures.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Baruch Spinoza -All of the things that we see in creation are


A) substances created by God.
B) attributes of God's nature.
C) modes caused by God's intellect.
D) necessarily existing modes of God's attributes.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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G.W.F. Hegel -Which of the following contributions did the Greeks not make to the advancement of philosophy?


A) They understood that thought had little to do with reality.
B) Some Greeks understood that thought (nous) permeated all objects.
C) Some Greeks understood that concepts themselves were subjects.
D) Some Greeks understood that abstract thoughts are universal essences.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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Simone De Beauvoir -De Beauvoir rejects the concept of the "eternal feminine" for the following reasons except


A) There is no such thing as a trans-historical fixed feminine nature.
B) The idea that a woman is something very specific has led to discrimination and abuse.
C) Men have been the ones that have defined what it means to be feminine.
D) The concept of an "eternal feminine" is an affront to traditional religion.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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W.E.B. Dubois -W.E.B.Dubois' strategy for overcoming his sense of "being a problem" as a young man?


A) He began to hate all white people.
B) He became a sycophant.
C) He hated himself.
D) He outperformed white people.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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George Berkeley -Pure intellect,says Philonous,


A) helps frame abstract ideas.
B) lets us understand extended,sensible things.
C) is the comprehension of a priori,innate knowledge of the world.
D) relates only to spiritual objects.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Friedrich Nietzsche -Responding to previous metaphysics,Nietzsche states that the world which the senses present to us


A) is deceptive,because our senses tell us nothing about things in themselves.
B) shows the true existence or "being" of things.
C) shows us that things do not exist,but "become."
D) lets us know both static matter and active motion.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Immanuel Kant -How does Kant describe the type of person who,when asked whether he will speak honestly,is not offended by such a suggestive question?


A) That person will likely speak honestly,since he/she was not flustered by the question.
B) That person is neither clearly honest nor clearly dishonest by nature.
C) That person is already potentially a liar,since he/she does not acknowledge truthfulness as an intrinsic duty.
D) That person is of even-keeled temperament,thus,likely has no reason to speak dishonestly.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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