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David Hume -When Hume talks about necessity,he means


A) "a" follows from "b."
B) "a" has always occurred after "b."
C) "a" and "b" are alike.
D) "a" must follow "b."

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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What is Hegel's attitude towards the ideas that are contained in the history of philosophy?


A) They are largely worthless and without merit.
B) The entire goal of philosophy is to get back to the ideas that the ancients believed.
C) The history of philosophy was necessary and led to the final triumph of philosophy in Hegel's own day.
D) The study of the history of philosophy is a pleasant diversion but nothing more.

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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Immanuel Kant -According to Kant,a priori "intuitions" are possible because


A) intuitions exist only in the mind apart from reason and perception.
B) intuitions are what the mind immediately knows prior to thought.
C) intuitions are logical arguments and proofs which are true by definition.
D) they are not possible,because intuitions are always based on a posteriori experience.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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John Locke -In regards to innate principles in the mind,Locke says


A) they do not exist,because knowledge only comes from the senses.
B) they are proved because so many different people agree the same principles.
C) without innate principles,one cannot account for morality.
D) they must be developed in children and people with mental problems.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Epicurus -In contrast to Plato's view of justice,Epicurus holds that


A) justice does not lead to pleasure.
B) justice is the will of the stronger.
C) justice is oppressive and hence does not give pleasure.
D) the abstract concept of justice is meaningless.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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René Descartes -The fact that God exists means that Descartes can be sure of


A) all of his thoughts being correct.
B) only his pure and holy thoughts being correct.
C) only his logically reached conclusions being correct.
D) the truth of the opinions he had formerly rejected.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Socrates and Plato -Socrates argues that piety and what is pleasing to the gods are


A) essentially the same thing.
B) experientially the same thing.
C) practically the same thing.
D) different things.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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William James -James uses his pragmatic method in order to figure out whether or not a question is idle or serious.Idle questions,but not serious questions,


A) are of immense spiritual significance.
B) assume that we do not have free will.
C) are a subject of never ending dispute.
D) are of little significance.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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Immanuel Kant -A pure moral philosophy must be founded on___________ in order to be valid.


A) empirical knowledge of the world
B) a commonly held idea of duty
C) a community's needs and desires
D) God's law as set down in scripture

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Giovanni Pico della Mirandola -Contrary to medieval scholars understanding of the "Chain of Being," Pico believes


A) God is not the head of the chain.
B) the "Chain of Being" is an excuse for oppressive,hierarchical government.
C) humans are not born with a place on the "Chain of Being."
D) though people are part of the "Chain of Being" for creation,within that chain,they are all equal.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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David Hume -Hume concludes his Enquiry with a famous call to


A) doubt everything until one reaches a certain foundation from which knowledge can be built.
B) doubt everything except what God makes clear to us,because God is no deceiver.
C) believe nothing,because nothing is proven.
D) doubt everything which is not based on matters of fact or mathematical reasoning.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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George Berkeley -In setting aside theory and really contemplating the beauties of the world,Philonous ironically concludes


A) all these wonders do,in fact,have real,material existence.
B) this beautiful world is a false illusion.
C) the wide world exists only in his little mind.
D) no one could doubt that this world really exists.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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Jean-Paul Sartre -Sartre claims that all existentialists agree that "existence precedes essence," which means


A) the existence of God or of matter precedes human meaning.
B) all things start as matter and take on form as a secondary nature
C) human nature evolved after people did.
D) people come into the world without any given meaning.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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Anselm (and Gaunilo) -Anselm's ontological argument and Gaunilo's Lost Island Argument pertain to different issues,but are structured in the same way.How can the Lost Island Argument,according to Gaunilo,illustrate that Anselm's ontological argument-which is structured with the same logic- is flawed?


A) It proves at least one of Anselm's premises false.
B) It proves true a case-the existence of the Lost Island-that is actually false.
C) A and B
D) None of the above

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Martin Heidegger -Heidegger sees a spiritual decline of the earth that


A) is so advanced that soon it may not be possible to even see the decline.
B) can only be saved by the technology of Russia and America.
C) can best be described in terms of optimism and pessimism.
D) was caused by Nietzsche.

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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Gottfried Leibniz -Soul and spirit monads are alike in that


A) their memory links their perceptions,so that they are capable of knowledge.
B) they are self-aware and can reflect on perceptions.
C) they are always linked with a cluster of soul/spirit monads.
D) they contain only perception,not appetition.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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John Stuart Mill -According to Mill some philosophers believe that right and wrong can be directly intuited using one's conscience.Let us call these philosophers intuitionists.Which of the following statement would an intuitionist agree with?


A) Our conscience can tell us directly whether or not a particular action is the morally right action to do.
B) Our conscience informs us of general principles that we then apply to specific situations.
C) What is right and what is wrong can be sense perceived.
D) There is no single morally right action in any circumstance.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Baruch Spinoza -Humans believe that there is evil in the world because


A) evil exists as modes of God's infinite nature,which contains both good and evil.
B) humans do not choose divine will and so create evil themselves.
C) they are ignorant that God made everything good.
D) humans do not think there is evil at all.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Aristotle -Of any living thing we can properly say


A) its soul is the function of its body.
B) if it is a human,then it has a soul
C) the soul can exist apart from the body only in the heavens
D) the soul is a potential brought to fulfillment by a body

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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G.W.F. Hegel -To have self-consciousness of the self as a self one must begin with


A) knowledge of one's own concrete existence.
B) knowledge of one's own objective way of being.
C) the exclusion of everything other than the self.
D) consciousness of the other.

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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